Racial Disparities

Racial Disparities in America’s Judicial System The mandatory imprisonment policies written for the judicial system are creating disparity of minority inmate population primarily due to non-violent drug crimes and the unjust mandatory minimum sentencing laws. America’s prisons are the most populated in the world, and they are disproportionately populated by minorities due to the set of mandatory imprisonment policies set in place. Over the past five decades, the disparity between races has widened dramatically according to the National Center on Institutions.In the 1950’s, blacks and Hispanics were the minorities in the prison system, whereas today whites are. Is this due to poverty? I’m sure poverty plays a big role in most cases. Robert Woodson Jr. , president of the National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise said the reason young men engage in criminal activity is not just for money, it is to make a name for themselves, to have some expression of worth , even if the expression is self-destructive. Crack cocaine hit the streets in the early 1980’s, infesting the lower income areas.It’s a cheap drug compared to cocaine and easier to come by than some of the higher priced drugs. Is this considered racial disparity? The Sentencing Project in 2007 states that two-thirds of the regular crack users are white and Latino, 82 percent of defendants sentenced in federal court for crack offences are African-American. Criminologist William Chambliss suggest that blacks are more frequently viewed as suspects, pulled over and targeted by raids. I think racial profiling involving law enforcement plays a bigger role in the disparities than people give them credit for.It begins with law enforcement, and ends with the judicial system. In a survey conducted in Volusia County Florida involving traffic stops, it showed 70 percent of those stopped were black or Hispanic according to a Georgetown University Law Professor David Cole. Thus sho wing how we have accumulated a disparity in America’s prison system. Racial disparity in the judicial system exists when the proportion of a racial or ethnic group within the control of the system is greater than the proportion of such groups in the general population as defined by The Sentencing Project.The incarceration rate in state or federal prison or jail for black men was 4,789 per 100,000, for Hispanic men 1,862 per 100,000, and white men 736 per 100,000 (Sabol, William 2006). Black men comprised 41 percent of the more than 2 million men in custody midyear of 2006, according to The US Department of Justice. As a result of the war on drugs thousands of non-violent drug offenders, most of them black or Hispanic, received mandatory minimum prison sentences for possession of small quantities of illegal drugs. Police look for crimes in the ghetto, and that’s where they find them† (Chambliss, William). In turn, this caused an even bigger problem of over populat ion in the correctional institutions. â€Å"Approximately 80% of the prison overcrowding from 1985 to 1995 is a direct result of the mandatory minimum sentencing policy of the get tough on crime movement† (Drug policy alliance network, 2010) . A non-violent drug crime can carry a minimum mandatory sentencing of fifteen years, whereas a case of leaving the scene of an accident involving a death carries a maximum of five years.If argued by an attorney the drug case can be reduced to a five year minimum mandatory, and the accident involving a death can be reduced to thirty months with no minimum mandatory. These two cases are cases I know of personally. State of Florida verses Fabian Rivera, 2012. Fabian is a family friend, he received a five year mandatory sentence for selling $600. 00 worth of cocaine to an undercover police officer. Later to find out he was set up by a high school friend. State of Florida verses Andrew Cleaver, 2012.Andrew was driving under the influence of a lcohol when he lost control of his vehicle, killing a friend of mine. Andrew ran from the scene, went home and went to sleep. Two years after the accident, Andrew pled guilty of leaving a scene of an accident and received thirty months in prison. In both cases, each took a plea deal that would reduce their sentences. The sentencing guidelines in both cases are way off in my opinion, leaving me to believe first hand that it is unjust sentencing. This is just an example to show that drug crimes receive a higher prison penalty.According to the Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2011 there were an estimated 197,050 individuals sentenced to prison under federal jurisdiction on December 31, 2011. Of these sentenced, 14,900 were incarcerated for violent offenses. An estimated 10,700 were for property offences, and 94,600 were incarcerated on this date for drug offences. In most states, drug offenses have a higher sentencing causing a disparity among inmate population due to the mandatory minimum guidelines. The mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent drug crimes should be abolished.Treatment and rehabilitation efforts should be looked at more seriously which would drastically reduce the minority prison population. The high cost of incarceration while fighting the war on drugs, show that money would be better spent on shorter sentencing, drug rehabilitation programs, and possibly an educational trade program (The Rand’s Drug Research Center). The extreme measures of the judicial system practices in sentencing causes greater stress on a society when one person reaches their release date from prison.Given the figures on high rates of Blacks and Latinos in the prison system today, many of today’s crime control policies fundamentally impede the economic, political and social advancement of the most disadvantaged blacks and minority groups. Prison leaves them less likely to find gainful employment, vote, participate in other civic activ ities and maintain ties with their families and communities (Gottschalk, 2008, p. A15). Without knowledge, education, and social abilities inmates upon release from prison will continue a life of crime. It is a viscous circle that it almost impossible to escape.When an individual enters the criminal justice system, it is a program that is difficult to get out of. Career criminals are referred to as being institutionalized, making it difficult to conduct oneself in the real world. Education is a key to successful release and integration. Inmates who learn to read and write and those who gain a skill are far more likely to succeed upon release. Those who do not are more likely to re-offend and end up back in prison according to the California Department of Corrections. The criminal mentality is simple.It is easier to go out on the streets to sell drugs, make fast money and spend the rest of the day sitting on the couch watching television verses going to work a 9 to 5 job in a factory . Without education, you will be lucky to find a factory job that pays minimum wage. In most households today, a family cannot live off of a minimum wage, which in the mind of a criminal gives justification to sell drugs. California department of corrections is a great example of educating individuals to prevent repeat offenders. This also allows offenders the opportunity of employment upon release from prison. One adult in every 100 is currently in prison. The annual budget for U. S. prisons come to $50 billion. The situation is particularly bad among young black males; about 11 percent of young black men are in prison† (Rees-Mog, 2008). If it makes sense to educate inmates and save money while doing so, why not make education mandatory instead of minimum mandatory sentences? It’s a win win situation with tax payers’ and the department of education. One million dollars spent on correctional education prevents about 600 crimes, while that same money invested in i ncarceration prevents 350 crimes.Correctional education is almost twice as cost-effective as a crime control policy according to Audrey Bozos of the UCLA school of Public Policy and Social Research. How can we change or remove the disparity among minorities in the prison system? This will be a difficult task, one that many attorneys, prosecutors, and judges have tried to solve for many years. Reducing the minimum mandatory sentencing on non-violent drug crimes in half, and educating offenders could potentially cut the annual budget in half, while securing a greater advantage of offenders not returning to prison. Prison education has been shown to successfully reduce recidivism rate for released prisoners. In the U. S. , the rate of recidivism within three years of release is found to be between 43. 3 percent and 51. 8 percent. Those released prisoners who received an educational had a significantly lower rate of recidivism† (US Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics 20 02). The solution as I see it would be to reduce the mandatory imprisonment polices written for the judicial system that is creating a disparity of minority inmate population, and save taxpayers’ money while educating individuals to make them a productive part of society.For an inmate, receiving an education this could be the first glimpse of hope that will allow him/her to break the cycle of poverty that has overwhelmed his/her life for years. â€Å"Pursuing an education can also undo some of the damage accrued during their stay in prison; it can awaken senses numbed and release creativity that is both therapeutic and rehabilitative† (Piche, Vol. 17, No 1, 2008 p. 10). The racial disparity in America’s prison system will remain as it is today unless changes are made within the judicial system.Racial disparity was in prisons prior to the war on drugs, but not at the rate it is today. Eliminating the mandatory minimum sentencing on drug offenses will drastically reduce the racial disparity in prisons. Educating prisoners will reduce individuals of re-offending. In 2004, The American Bar Association Justice Kennedy Commission issued a report describing criminal justice racial disparities, and recommended measures to eliminate or reduce disparities. The Commission expressed uncertainty as to the exact causes; they did recognize it to be a serious problem that needs to be seriously addressed.One of the recommendations was to create a criminal justice procedure and ethnic task force to design and conduct studies to determine the extent of racial and ethnic disparity in the initial stages of criminal investigations, and make specific recommendations. I suppose this would be a good start to a never ending problem of an unjust judicial system and a drug problem in our Country. It could be a lot simpler if people would just stop committing crime, get educated and make a difference within yourself and family. Fast money, and a fast life leads to pri son and ultimately a faster death.Is there really racial disparities in America’s judicial system or is it just minorities are committing more crimes? In my opinion, I think it a little bit of both. One fact that I have shown to be true is that of the mandatory minimum sentencing is adding to the disparity in prisons. I doubt that a solution to this problem will ever be found until a world of crime is extinct. References: Audrey Bozos and Jessica Hausman, â€Å"Correctional Education as a Crime Control Program,† UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research, Department of Policy Studies (March 2004) p. Cole, David â€Å"No Equal Justice† (2012) Gottschalk, Marie (2008, April). Two separate societies: one in prison, one not. Retrieved from Washington Post Web site: http://www. house. gov/scott/pdf/wapo twosepsoc 080415. pdf. Patrick A. Langan and David J. Levin, â€Å"Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994†, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2002) Piche, â€Å"Barriers to Knowledge Inside: Education in Prisons and Education on Prisons,† Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, Vol. 17, No. (2008) p. 10 Rees-Mog, (2008, March 3) Retrieved from http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/columists/william_rees_mogg/article3471216. ece. Sabol, William J. , PhD, Minton, Todd D. , and Harrison, Paige M. , Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2006 (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice 2007), p. 9, Table 14. The Sentencing Project, 2007. Retrieved from thesentencingproject. org The Rand’s Drug Research Center. Retrieved from www. rand. org Woodson, Robert Jr. ,

Not Waving but Drowning Poetry Analysis

Steve Smith is a particularly somber poem. The poem is about emptiness and shows what people will do to try to get attention. This poem is a metaphor comparing how the emptiness of our lives consuming us is like drowning. This poem is portrayed through the eyes off man who Just died. In the poem the man died by drowning, supposedly because he caught hypothermia but as he suggested he died because he was too far out in the water. What this translates to in real life is that this man was empty inside.In a vain attempt to try to fill this void, he â€Å"swam† further out only to become increasingly more and more empty. In the end the emptiness surrounded him and was â€Å"drowned in it. â€Å"Not waving but drowning† suggests that people saw him doing these thing yet took no notice of it because they thought it was him acting out: â€Å"he always loved larking,† but in reality they didn't see the signs that he was consumed. † It must have been too cold for hi m†¦ † Suggest that they believed he died because it was too risky for him but he refutes that saying, â€Å"it as too cold always,† as in it was always risky.He gives the alternate reason, â€Å"l was much to far out all my life and not waving but drowning. † This suggests he knew what he was doing yet he did it anyways trying to get attention yet everyone misinterpreted. I believe anyone can relate to this poem because it strikes an old chord in the human heart. Everyone is empty inside, and everyone has always tried going on a little â€Å"soul hunt† trying to find someone to truly notice them. But many have failed and end up â€Å"drowning† In their own emptiness and misery. Not Waving but Drowning Poetry Analysis Steve Smith is a particularly somber poem. The poem is about emptiness and shows what people will do to try to get attention. This poem is a metaphor comparing how the emptiness of our lives consuming us is like drowning. This poem is portrayed through the eyes off man who Just died. In the poem the man died by drowning, supposedly because he caught hypothermia but as he suggested he died because he was too far out in the water. What this translates to in real life is that this man was empty inside.In a vain attempt to try to fill this void, he â€Å"swam† further out only to become increasingly more and more empty. In the end the emptiness surrounded him and was â€Å"drowned in it. â€Å"Not waving but drowning† suggests that people saw him doing these thing yet took no notice of it because they thought it was him acting out: â€Å"he always loved larking,† but in reality they didn't see the signs that he was consumed. † It must have been too cold for hi m†¦ † Suggest that they believed he died because it was too risky for him but he refutes that saying, â€Å"it as too cold always,† as in it was always risky.He gives the alternate reason, â€Å"l was much to far out all my life and not waving but drowning. † This suggests he knew what he was doing yet he did it anyways trying to get attention yet everyone misinterpreted. I believe anyone can relate to this poem because it strikes an old chord in the human heart. Everyone is empty inside, and everyone has always tried going on a little â€Å"soul hunt† trying to find someone to truly notice them. But many have failed and end up â€Å"drowning† In their own emptiness and misery.

English Is Important for Our Daily Life Essay

As we all know, English is the one of important language in this world. If we cannot speak English even a little bit, we are called as a very poor in this community. We also cannot improve our life if we worst in English. We will feel loser if we in the group that use English as a medium to speak. According to the research that have been made by the group of University Malay, 70% of undergraduate student especially Malay student are not use English as a medium to speak. It’s show that most of the student do not want to use English as a main language in their life. People always said that we must use our country language so that it indicate we love our country. The statement is not fault but we also must learn English for our future life such as to find a job, to communicate with foreigner, easy to understand if we find information through online and easy for student to survive in university life because most of the university in Malaysia use English as a medium to speak. One of the reason why we must learn English in our daily life is English is important to get a job. In this era, many people are jobless even though they have a degree. It is because they do not have a soft skill. Even though we got the best result in examination but we cannot speak in English, it is hard for us to find a job. Example is, if we want to work with a giant company such as Petronas, Sime Darby, Schlumberger and etc we need to face many process. One of the process is interview. Interview is one of the important process for us to face if we want to work with a giant company. Many giant company have a francais at the other country. So, they use international language that is English as a medium to communicate among the others. Therefore, they must do an interview in English to find an employee. If we have a soft skill like can speak fluently in English, the company will not hesitate to take us as one of their employee.

Persuasion Essay Against Online Eduation Essay

Nowadays, everything about the world is accessible at one’s fingertips. Left and right, technological advancements surge throughout stores, offices, and schools. Not only are schools becoming more technology friendly, but online schooling is also growing rapidly. These online schools are attracting millions of teenagers around the world, but they are not as good as they seem. Many teenagers who attend online schools prefer traditional schooling since online schools lack several necessary aspects for learning. Some feel like they do not learn much, if anything at all, and others dislike how detached they feel from their teachers or other students. Although education specialists claim that online education has more benefits, it should not replace traditional education used by the current school system. Granted, online education provides a more flexible schedule. Usually, the students who attend online school have very busy schedules, and online schooling allows them to have a schedule that fits their needs. These students do not have to follow a set time schedule. They are allowed to log in and out of their course whenever their schedule permits, and as long as they complete their assignments by a certain deadline, they pass the course. Also, if a student moves at a slower pace compared to other students, then that student can take his or her time with the lesson. Likewise, if another student learns much faster compared to the average student, then he or she can speed through the lesson without waiting for others. However, attending an online school will lead to a lack of social interaction. Students from online programs can talk to each other through student forums and discussion boards, but they have a very slim chance of meeting face to face considering many of these students live all around the world. With these student forums and discussion boards, the response comments can make an everlasting strand of posts, but no one will be interested enough to read all of them. All of these conflicts make it harder to create long-lasting friendships. In addition, these students do not really get to know each other. Besides that, these students do not get to experience all the activities that traditional schools have to offer like extracurricular clubs. They also cannot create those glorious memories that most people laugh at when they are older and reminiscing. Nevertheless, online education is much cheaper and can save a family a large amount of money. Since these families do not have to pay for tuition, gas, or housing, they can spend their money on other things like house improvements, bills, debts, necessities, college funding, etc. Also, for those who cannot afford to go to a university, an online degree is much easier to achieve. This helps many of those who could not afford to earn a degree to finally attain one. On the contrary, one cannot get as much help from an online program compared to a traditional school. Since online teachers have a limited role in teaching, they try to guide students through the pre-written material. If the teacher is not properly trained to teach online courses, then the students are forced to teach themselves the whole lesson. This can cause students to get frustrated with themselves and not be as motivated to complete their course. To add onto the problem, asking questions is highly more difficult. The students who have questions cannot just raise their hands or stop by their teacher’s office to ask them. They have to wait for answers through e-mails, talk to other students through student forums, or make some sort of appointment with the teacher. In the end, being online educated may involve more work and could take much longer to finish. Most importantly, some online credits are not accepted in traditional schools or colleges. Certain online credits are not accepted because their credits are either not up to par or have no relevancy toward the student’s major. Even though online schools have been given more credibility in the past few years, many still believe that online schooling is much easier than traditional schooling, so college administrators do not take online degrees seriously. Also, some online schools are not accredited by legitimate agencies, and credits from those schools are overlooked completely. In other words, educational specialists should not replace traditional education with online education. Once again, online education not only reduces social activity, but also takes away from the high school experience. In addition, online schools do not offer as much help for students as traditional schools. Lastly, some colleges and universities do  not even accept online credits. While online education may be more viable in the future, they are currently not in the best condition to be implemented into school districts. Until online education is more adaptable to the traditional model, it should not be allowed to jeopardize the learning experience of today’s students.

CURRENT ISSUES IN FINANCIAL REPORTINGED IFRS7 Essay

CURRENT ISSUES IN FINANCIAL REPORTINGED IFRS7 - Essay Example (IFRS News 2006). In addition, the IFRS also deals will amending the existing risk disclosure requirements for other insurance contracts of the IFRS 4. Recently, most companies and huge industries in the United States and Europe has come to comply and revised their system in order to adapt their system into the new field of financial strategy. This means that these financial instruments are also applicable to financial and non-financial institutions. This is because the extend of the disclosure strictly requires the dependency of the institution's extent of their entity's used of their financial instruments and its exposure to its risk. One example that can define this explanation is the loan commitment (as an un recognized financial instrument). Prior to any information being disseminated in the institutions, it was announced that the latest disclosure requirements are applicable for periods starting before on after 1 January 2007 (IFRS News, 2006). Through this, all of the institutions are encouraged to submit their application. We all know that there are a lot of financial instruments, which have been designed for various institutions and will all of these; one of the most distinct assets that the IFRS 7 holds amongst of them is that has a way of providing boundaries to financial institutions which can help them protect and at the same time sustain their financial operation. Also, since it was implemented to disclose their financial records, the IFRS 7 allows them to have a further understanding on how each institution can further generate a more profitable income for the next five years. At some point, this method works in favor for the institutions. One of the unique and interesting features that I found regarding this was that it is distinctly divided into two sections. The first covers disclosures are about the figures in the balance sheets or income statements, while the other deals with the risk disclosure. (IFRS News, 2006). From this division, we can see that there is a unique way of approaching the financial aspect of the each institution, such that the second section is the one who solves or takes charge with the risk disclosures that normally and consistently arise from a financial instrument, giving the approach and the system, an eye to oversee the whole situation, through the perspective of the management. Furthermore, the information, which was provided for disclosure and also for the main personnel in the management division, is the one that disclosed the information. This new scope or system of developing the financial instrument is quite interesting such that for the past years, if we would look into the picture and scenario of businesses and corporations that have probably was on the top chart once in the business reviews and then suddenly disappeared, or have lost their momentum into the big picture, have a common analogy and reason behind the collapse of their institution, can be rooted mostly from the dysfunction in the management system with regards to their perspective on financial stability. Thus, since the IFRS 7 holds the new method

Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Corporate Governance - Essay Example Another function of the corporate governance to ensure the imposition of Islamic values and principles to the daily lives and the corporate activities of the people. Another undertaking of corporate governance is to ensure that there is a challenge to the Islamic social justice concepts. At the same time, to encourage the Muslims to live their lives according the Quran and attract the blessing of God. As such, this chapter will explore the concept of corporate governance from the point of view of the Islamic world. The principle target of this section will be an examination of whether or not the Islamic laws supplement the concepts of corporate governance. In the event that the work shall identify a relationship between the two concepts, the work will measure the extent to which they supplement each other. Therefore, the work will examine the level to which the Saudi Arabian Kingdom takes advantage of the laws to the corporate activities. There is a need to consider that the Saudi legislators consider Islamic legislation as the first and the national law of the Kingdom. Another consideration is the fact that the Muslim world perceives the Sharia laws as the most vital inclusion of all laws. There varied sources of the Sharia laws that exist within the Saudi jurisprudence. All Muslims across the world consider the Quran and Sunna as the most fundamental of such sources. There are other sources as well, but the two commonly used in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are Ijma and Qiyas. Additionally the sources of Islamic legal matters mentioned are the cornerstone of support and proof of the principles of corporate governance from the perspectives of Islam. The sources of the same law are among the most relevant material for the sustainability of policy aspects of corporate governance from the views of Islam as well as the development of a corporate governance ideal. Additionally, the laws mentioned are the reference points of the laws that apply in the

CFO mod 1 case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CFO mod 1 case - Essay Example This is done in orderto enable them to take better developmental and progressive steps. The title is equivalent to finance director, commonly seen in the United Kingdom. The CFO typically reports to the Chief Executive Officer, and is frequently a member of the board of directors. CFO is a very diverse field. It is basically the back bone of all organizations and institutions. An effective and well equipped administrative department is what ensures that a company reaches its maximum potential and keeps growing bigger and stronger. CEO on the other hand is a field which require well educated and highly motivated, vigilant staff. CEO's are responsible for hiring all personnel, ranging from the janitorial staff, right up to the vice president of any organization. The CEO is a very vital part of the company he follows and keeps updates on all aspects of a company and its staff right from the time they apply for a job till the time they get hired. They keep checks on any and all training and development that is necessary and make all necessary amendments. The question these days has come about regarding the necessity of separate CFO and CEO. And the similar curiosity as to whether there is actual need for a separate training department or not It is also common wondering whether the role of the CFO is a specialist role or can it and should it be fulfilled by a CEO and vice versa. CFO is a very vital part of all organizations. They are responsible for the efficient and effective management of the Human capital. The main functions of CEO's are tracking the data points of each and every employee and staff member. Along with tasks such as selection, placement payroll and evaluation. In order to make a reduction in the excessive work load of these activities organizations started to employ individuals to handle these specific areas and thus there came the admistrative departments. And these days with technology at its peak these tasks are also being taken care of by automated computer based programs. Making it possible for the work of three separate organs of a company the human resource The CEO and the CFO to be done by one person that too with the click of a mouse key. This is the reason that the questions stated earlier regarding the need for separate individuals have started coming up. CONCLUSION: However like it has been mentioned above that both roles are very different from one another and there fore to think that they can be done by one person is not a wise thing. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of an organization has responsibilities that include internal financial control of the organization, financial reporting (external financial accounting), financing the organization, assessment of the capital budgeting process and an array of additional responsibilities. The CFO must have an external orientation and they must know all ways in which they can gather knowledge about the market with which their company deals and also the kind of investments the investors and share holders are making in order to give proper advice for future investments. There